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What is heart failure and how should it be recognised and managed in a first aid situation?

Heart failure is a chronic medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to supply the body with enough oxygen and nutrients. It doesn’t mean the heart has stopped, but that it is working less efficiently. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the lungs, legs, or abdomen, and cause symptoms like breathlessness, fatigue, and swelling.

There are different types of heart failure, and symptoms may develop gradually or worsen suddenly—a situation known as acute heart failure, which is a medical emergency. Common triggers include infection, heart attack, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or missing heart medication.

In a first aid setting, heart failure may present as shortness of breath (especially when lying flat), a rapid or irregular heartbeat, swollen legs or abdomen, or feelings of weakness. The person may appear pale or anxious and may struggle to speak in full sentences. First aid involves helping the person into an upright position to ease breathing, keeping them calm, and assisting with any prescribed medication if appropriate (e.g., diuretics or heart medicine).

If symptoms are new, worsening, or accompanied by chest pain, fainting, or severe difficulty breathing, call 000 immediately, as this may indicate a life-threatening emergency.

While heart failure is a long-term condition, it can often be managed with medication, lifestyle changes, and medical support. In a first aid situation, recognising the signs early and seeking urgent care can help prevent complications.

Heart failure is a long-term condition where the heart can't pump blood efficiently, leading to fatigue, swelling, and breathlessness.

Signs and symptoms of heart failure:

  • Shortness of breath, especially when lying down

  • Swollen ankles, feet, or abdomen

  • Fatigue and weakness

  • Rapid or irregular heartbeat

  • Sudden weight gain from fluid retention

First aid for heart failure:

  • Help the person sit upright and stay calm.

  • Assist them with prescribed medication if available.

  • Keep the environment cool and comfortable.

  • Monitor breathing and responsiveness.

  • Call 000 if symptoms are severe, sudden, or worsening.

Takeaway to Remember

Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart can't pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs. It may cause fluid build-up, fatigue, and breathing difficulties, and can lead to medical emergencies.